In the computer, all data are represented as binary digits (bits), and eight binary digits make up one byte. For example, the upper case letter A is 0101001. Numbers however can take several forms.

Beginners often have difficulty reading the value of –2’s complement number; here’s a simple technique that may help. In my previous column, I introduced the SANX-I Microcomputer, whose goal is to ...

We worked our way up to logic gate implementations for half adders and full adders, as illustrated below. In closing, I asked you to start thinking about how we could use these functions to add two ...

On the off chance you are just joining the party, you might want to visit the earlier installments of this mega-mini-series. In a crunchy nutshell, in Part 1, we introduced unsigned and signed ...