Iron and its alloys, such as steel and cast iron, dominate the modern world, and there's growing demand for iron-derived products. Traditionally, blast furnaces transform iron ore into purified ...

I extracted iron from creek sand safely. Smelting separated the metal from sediment effectively. Zelensky makes major ...

If you enjoyed this article, I’d like to ask for your support. Scientific American has served as an advocate for science and industry for 180 years, and right now may be the most critical moment in ...

Here’s what you’ll learn when you read this story: Copper smelters from 3,000 years ago may have experimented with materials just enough to launch the Iron Age. The Bronze Age gave way to the Iron Age ...

It’s the shape and porosity, not the size, of metal oxide particles that matter for efficiency in electrochemical ironmaking. Iron and its alloys, such as steel and cast iron, dominate the modern ...

Copper smelters from 3,000 years ago may have experimented with materials just enough to launch the Iron Age. The Bronze Age gave way to the Iron Age as the refining process of iron was discovered.