The crusaders reach Constantinople, strip the countryside for supplies, break the chain at the Golden Horn, and launch a siege that exposes the empire’s paralysis under Alexius III. When the emperor ...

The siege of Constantinople by the Avars in a fresco in the Romanian monastery of Moldovita. Credit: DimiTalen / Wikimedia Commons Although the most famous one was carried out by the Ottomans in 1453, ...

On 6 April 1453, the Siege of Constantinople began under the command of Mehmed II, an Ottoman sultan who was just 21 years old but determined to see through his father’s dream of capturing the ...

On May 29, 1453, Ottoman forces, under the leadership of Mehmet II, concluded their long and bloody siege of Constantinople by storming the city and overtaking it. According to Crowley, who works in ...

In April 1204, Crusader armies breached the walls of Constantinople after a brutal siege shaped by chance, wind, and desperation. What followed was not victory but catastrophe, as the greatest city in ...

The Byzantine Empire considered itself to be the caretaker of the Christian religion. The emperor was chosen by God and God had chosen the empire as the wheel to spread Christianity. Christianity was ...

TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. Full text is unavailable for this digitized archive article. Subscribers may view the full text of this article in its ...

The life of Byzantine Emperor Heraclius (610–641), his military triumphs, reforms, and the establishment of Greek as the official language.