Ensuring accuracy by force measurement and material testing is a necessary requirement in most every industry, especially orthopaedic and medical parts manufacturing where the highest quality control ...

The normal force measurement has high accuracy, and the tangential force measurement can precisely detect both magnitude and direction. The sensor also has a fast dynamic response.

Laser power measurement and force metrology are interlinked disciplines dedicated to quantifying the interaction between light and matter. In contemporary research, these fields have evolved from ...