Qi Xiong, Hongbo Zhang, Qiusheng Rong, Path Planning Based on Improved Particle Swarm Optimization for AUVs, Journal of Coastal Research, SPECIAL ISSUE NO. 111.

Particle swarm optimization isn't usually seen as the first-choice technique for training a neural network but, as James McCaffrey demonstrates, it's a useful alternative.

As a group, simple creatures following simple rules can display a surprising amount of complexity, efficiency, and even creativity. Such swarm intelligence is found throughout nature, but researchers ...